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| 1803 |
| | | The Frankfurt banker Mayer Amschel Rothschild lends 20 million francs to the Danish government | |
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| 1804 |
| | | Beethoven changes the dedication of his third symphony on hearing that his hero, Napoleon, has made himself an emperor | |
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| 1806 |
| | | Napoleon merges the majority of the German states into a Confederation of the Rhine with himself as its protector | |
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| 1807 |
| | | Part of Poland is recovered from Prussia to become the grand duchy of Warsaw, a small state dependent upon Napoleon | |
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| 1807 |
| | | In Phenomenology of Spirit Friedrich Hegel interprets history as the advance of the human mind, often through thesis, antithesis and synthesis | |
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| 1809 |
| | | The Fulani establish a capital at Sokoto, from which they dominate the Hausa kingdoms of northern Nigeria | |
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| 1813 |
| | | The king of Prussia, Frederick William III, changes sides and declares war on France | |
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| 1813 |
| | | The allies inflict a heavy defeat on Napoleon at Leipzig, in the so-called Battle of the Nations | |
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| 1815 |
| | | The rulers of Russia, Prussia and Austria form a Holy Alliance to preserve their concept of a Christian Europe | |
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| 1817 |
| | | German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer observes and draws dark lines in the solar spectrum | |
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